Biography Mikhail Saltykov

He came from a hereditary noble family and was a sixth child in the family of Evgraf Vasilievich Saltykov and Olga Mikhailovna Zabelina. In total, nine children were born in the Saltykov family. Mikhail’s childhood passed on the estate of the parents, and therefore the boy received primary education at home. At first he was taught by the literacy of the serf artist Pavel Sokolov, then a sister, a local priest, governess and a student of the Theological Academy were engaged with Mikhail.

When Misha was 10 years old, he went to study at the Moscow Noble Institute, where he showed himself as one of the best students. Two years later, in the year, he was admitted to the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, where he studied at the state expense.

The lyceum youth of Mikhail Saltykov revealed in him the ability to literary creativity. During the years of study, he wrote poems, which, however, cannot be considered especially successful. Subsequently, the writer did not like to remember his early literary experiments: he quickly realized that he did not possess a poetic gift, and focused on prose. However, he managed to suffer for youth poems: the lyceum authorities considered them “unreliable”, and at the end of the training awarded him the rank of college secretary instead of the usual Lyceum of the Chin of the Titular Advisor - T.

A year later, he was accepted into the office of the Minister of War, where he received a regular place for the secretary assistant in the year. The service fascinated the young man. Even then, he was seriously carried away by literary activity: he read a lot, published the first notes and novels in literary magazines. In the year, Mikhail Saltykov became a regular participant in weekly meetings in the house of his lyceum comrade, socialist and revolutionary Mikhail Petrashevsky.

One of Mikhail Saltykov, one of the first stories, “confusing business” - brought the anger of the authorities, and in the year “for freedom” he was expelled from the capital to Vyatka Kirov. There the writer spent seven years in the service in the provincial administration: first, as a senior official on special assignments under the governor, then the head of the governor's office and, finally, an adviser to the provincial rule.

Saltykov was forbidden to conduct literary activities, but he was engaged in translations, read a lot and even trained the daughters of the Vyatka vice-governor A. Boltin-compiled for them a “brief history of Russia”. Over the years of exile, Mikhail Saltykov deeply studied the provincial life, saw its most gloomy features - numerous abuses of officials, non -education, cruelty and lawlessness of the population.

The absurdity and hopeless meaninglessness of this life was reflected in many satirical works of the writer. Saltykov turned to the emperor several times with requests for pardon, but received a refusal. Only in the year, after the death of Nicholas I, the disgraced official managed to leave the Vyatka province. In the year, he entered the service of the Ministry of the Interior as an official on special assignments.

Saltykov set the task of monitoring the work of the Tver and Vladimir provincial committees for the set of militia, convened in connection with the Crimean war. In this position, Mikhail Evgrafovich encountered large -scale abuses of local authorities. In the same year, Mikhail Saltykov returned to literary activity and began to be published in various St. Petersburg magazines under the pseudonym Nikolai Shchedrin.

Subsequently, this pseudonym became inseparable with his real name. The efforts of Saltykov-Shchedrin as an official did not go unnoticed, and in the year he became the vice-governor in Ryazan, and two years later in Tver. His caustic pamphlets, in which many statesmen recognized themselves, and too direct character often led to official conflicts. In the year, Saltykov-Shchedrin resigned to engage in literary and editorial activities.

In the year, he moved to St. Petersburg and began to work in the editorial board of the magazine "Contemporary". However, his business qualities turned out to be in demand, and a year later he returned to the public service - as manager of the official ward, first in Penza, then in Tula and Ryazan. In the year, Saltykov-Shchedrin again left the service and moved to the editorial board of “domestic notes”.

In this field, he worked until the closure of the magazine in the year. The ban on “domestic notes” was a serious blow for an elderly writer, but he continued to work until his death, published in the last years of his life in the journal “Bulletin of Europe”. The work of Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin literary work of Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin reached its heyday after the author returned from the Vyatka exile.

In - gg. In them, the satire for abuse of officials and the lawlessness of provincial life was replaced by sad lyrical digressions, which forced contemporaries to build the literary manner of Saltykov-Shchedrin to the traditions of Gogol. From the end of the x.Mikhail Evgrafovich wrote a lot for various magazines: his publications were published in the Russian Bulletin, Athenae, Library for Reading, Moscow Bulletin, Moscow Vedomosti and Time magazine, but most often articles, stories and small scenes of Saltykov-Shchedrin appeared on the pages of “Contemporary”.

From that time, until the journal was closed, the writer published all his works in it, intensively worked as an editor, a mentor for young writers, and after the death of Nekrasov, he took over the management of the publication. In the “Domestic Notes”, such works of Saltykov-Shchedrin as “The History of one City”, “Pompadura and Pompadurshi”, “The Lord Golovlyova” and many others were light.

In e gg. Saltykov-Shchedrin increasingly turned to fantastic, fabulous plots. In these years, he created his famous satirical tales, including the Wise Pescar, “Ideal Karas”. These and many other tales, including the earlier “Tale of how one man fed two generals”, “Wild landowner”, were included in the cycle “Tales for children of a fair age”. In the works of Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin, researchers most often note precisely the satirical component.

The writer caustically ridiculed the vices of social life - both modern to him and the past: he was by no means inclined to idealize Russian history by the “history of one city”. In this satirical chronicle, Saltykov-Shchedrin parodied the style of chronicles, official “stories” and documents, bringing a description of the life of the fictional city of Glupov to the point of absurdity and phantasmagoria.

The political satire, however, hid the writer's deeper social observations, his thoughts on the very course of Russian history, over the most important features of a national character. Much further from the grotesque satire is defended by the novel “Lord Golovleva”, which formed from the stories that originally emerged in the journal “Domestic Notes”, and then processed by the author and released in the form of a separate large work.

In this novel, written in the genre of family chronicle, Saltykov-Shchedrin depicted the life of provincial landowners, whose moral degeneration and death are shown with incredible psychological accuracy and real tragedy. The name of the main character of the novel, the “Judas” of Porfiry Golovlev, became a household name for all kinds of traitors and hypocrites, however, he is not depicted in a flat-satirical dimension: the final of the novel gives his figure depth, even in this villain a piece of humanity.

Some literary scholars see in the image of Judas the forerunner of modernist searches of the beginning of the 20th century. His chosen one was the daughter of the vice-governor Elizaveta Apollonovna Boltina, a beautiful and educated girl. They did not get married immediately: Elizabeth was 13 years younger than Mikhail, and her father hesitated with consent to marriage.

Young people got married only in Moscow. The family of Saltykov-Shchedrin, and especially his mother, did not approve of this marriage, and only one younger brother of Mikhail Evgrafovich visited the wedding of all family members. Saltykov-Shchedrin was very attached to his wife, she did not share her husband's aspiration. She liked the magnificent balls and a rich secular life, and she skeptically called the writings of her wife “stupidity”.

The couple remained childless for a long time, and this also overshadowed the life of the spouses. The writer became the father only at the summer: the first -year -old Konstantin, who was born in the year, became the first -born, and a year later, the daughter of Elizabeth was born. Saltykov-Shchedrin’s wife survived him for more than 20 years and died in the year.

The death and funeral of Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin in the last years of his life Mikhail Evgrafovich was seriously ill, suffering from convulsive attacks. He died on April 28 on May 10: death came from a violation of cerebral circulation. According to the last will of the writer himself, he was buried in the Volkovsky cemetery in St. Petersburg, next to the grave of I.

in the year, the ashes of Saltykov-Shchedrin was transferred to writer's bridges-to the Nekropol museum, where many famous cultural figures, art, and public figures rest. Bibliography of the works of Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin.