Biography and works of Tchaikovsky

The childhood and youth of the composer in the Central State Archive of the Udmurt Republic does not work, a church book with a record of the baptism of Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky - the main relic. The future composer was born on May 7 on April 25 according to the old style of the year in the small production village of Votkinsk, located in the Sarapul district of the Vyatka province of now the city of the Udmurt Republic.

In such a distant land, Tchaikovsky spent the first eight years of his life. Tchaikovsky family Peter Ilyich is not the only outstanding representative of his large family. So, his great -grandfather on the paternal line, Fedor Afanasevich Chaika, came from the famous Cossack clan in Little Russia. Grandfather, Pyotr Fedorovich Chaika, worked as a doctor and, thanks to hard work, received the nobility.

At the end of his life, he completely served the city city city of Glazov by the Vyatka province and expanded his family surname to the well -known option from the Seagull to Tchaikovsky. The composer’s father, Ilya Petrovich Tchaikovsky, was listed as a mining engineer and head of the Kam-Votkinsky steel plant. Later, the man ruled the Alapaevsky and Nizhnekamsk factories, and for some time was the director of the Technological Institute in St.

Petersburg. Tchaikovsky’s relatives on his paternal line mainly worked as entrepreneurs or held government posts, and their mother’s relatives found themselves in art and the academic environment. So, mother’s grandfather, Michelle-Victor Asye, lived in France. He worked as a sculptor-modelist of the Meisen Royal Porcelain Factory. Her father, Michael Heinrich Maximilian Assee, at the age of 17 moved to Russia, becoming a teacher of French and German in the artillery and engineering gentry cadet corps.

In the year, he accepted Russian citizenship, receiving a new name Andrei Mikhailovich Assier. Despite the difficult situation of women in the 19th century, Mother Tchaikovsky, Alexandra Andreevna Assier, who had lost his family as a teenager, managed to graduate from the school of female orphans. There, a poet, journalist and part -time friend A. Pushkin Petr Alexandrovich Pletnev, was her teacher in literature in high school.

The man was looking for his wife after the sudden death of the first wife of Maria Karlovna Kaiser, from whom he had a daughter Zinaida. Prior to the definition of the Institute in St. Petersburg, the girl lived with her father and his new lover in St. Petersburg. Having received an education, Zina married in Alapaevsk. There for some time the whole family of the future composer was located.

The girl retained warm and delicate relationships not only with dad, but also with the Assier and her children, including Peter. The big difference in age did not prevent people from sincerely love each other and build a happy family life. For 21 years of marriage, they had six children five sons and one daughter. The first to see the light of Nikolai. He built his career in the railway industry, rising to the rank of actual state adviser.

Following him, Peter Ilyich was born, glorifying the surname of Tchaikovsky throughout the world. A year later, the family of Alexander appeared in the family, with whom the composer had the most trusting relationship. It was her Tchaikovsky who revealed all his heart secrets. In the future, the girl's family became his second home. In general, the fate of Sasha has developed a tragic way.

From renal colic, she was saved by morphine, ultimately and destroyed her life. After the daughter, the Tchaikovsky clan was again replenished with his sons: in M, Hippolytus was born, which achieved the title of Major General of the fleet, and in M ​​in the house the voices of the twins of Anatoly and Modest were heard. The first of the brothers made a career as a state official, occupying at different times the post of vice-governor in Tiflis now Tbilisi, Georgia, Esteland Modern Estonia and Nizhny Novgorod.

The second brother followed in the footsteps of Peter, realizing himself as a talented librettist, an authoritative playwright and just a specialist in the field of theater. The life of a “glass child” in Votkinsk, Moscow and St. Petersburg in the Tchaikovsky house, in addition to the most family couple, numerous relatives of Ilya Petrovich lived. Plus, the local nobility, metropolitan youth and even engineers from England visited the Big estate with the servant.

In the upbringing, the parents did not sing out any of the offspring and loved everyone the same, but not to notice that Peter grew special. The emotional subtlety of the future composer was noted by the governess of the frane-frane francauchena Fanny Durbach. In the year, a woman was called from St. Petersburg to Votkinsk to teach children. Some of her statements have been preserved to this day thanks to the book by Modest Tchaikovsky, The Life of Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky.

Everyone loved him because they felt how he loved everyone. His impressionability was not limits, so it was very careful to treat him. Every trifle could offend him, to hurt him. It was a glass child. Fanny Dürbach, a French governess Peter was imbued with music from an early age. Thanks to the orchestrin, the mechanical organ in the estate constantly sounded a pleasant hearing of the composition.Especially young Pete liked Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.

The first work that he heard was the aria of Cerlin from the opera Don Juan. Being already an adult and a fully consistent composer, Tchaikovsky did not cease to idolize Austrian virtuoso. Music was too bright on the little Tchaikovsky. From the age of five, she became an obsessive idea for him. He now and then tried to select melodies on his home piano and supplement them with his own variations.

In this matter, his parents sometimes helped him. His father in his youth knew how to play on a flute, and his mother on the piano and harp. In addition, the woman sang romances. When the family felt that their creative skills were not enough for teaching their son, they invited the serfs Mary Markovna Polchikov as a teacher. She taught Peter a musical literacy and basic skills from a year.

In m, the family moved from Votkinsk to Moscow. There, the father wanted to get a private service, but, without finding anything worthwhile in a month, he went with his relatives to St. Petersburg. By that time, the nanny Fanny Durbach left already grown up children. In her place for further formation of offspring came the governess of Anastasia Petrov. In the cultural capital, Ilya Petrovich added two eldest sons in the male boarding house, where the boys met the basics of ballet, opera and symphony orchestra.

That's just the brothers lingered there for a short while. For example, the eldest Nikolai was quickly sent to the Institute of Corps of Mining Engineers. Parents did not consider composer business for offspring as a worthy profession. From the point of view of finances, creating music in the 19th century was non -feasible. Many representatives of this craft had additional work. At first, life in St.

Petersburg was given to young Tchaikovsky with difficulty. The dank climate critically affected his health. At the age of eight years, Peter was ill with measles, which left his complications in the work of the central nervous system. Throughout life, the composer had seizures. Anything could bring him to tears. However, the boy refused to finally part with music, so he continued to take lessons from eminent teachers.

In a closed men's boarding house, Peter studied up to a year. During this time, he especially made friends with the poet Alexei Apukhtin, who had a huge impact on the worldview of the future composer. A friend introduced Tchaikovsky to the dark life of St. Petersburg: parties, gambling, debauchery, alcohol and many others. Together they published the magazine "School Bulletin", where they published poems and articles of their own composition.

A still significant role during his stay in the Imperial School on Tchaikovsky was provided by his teacher of the piano game, the famous German pianist Rudolf Kundinger. He not only introduced the ward to Western instrumental music, but also often took with him to concerts. Truly terrible changes in the life of the musician occurred in the year. Then his mother Alexandra Andreevna Assier fell ill with a cholera.

Doctors fought for the life of a woman, but as a result her body could not overcome the infection. On the day of the funeral, the ailment dumped the composer's feet and the father, but he managed to recover. Having recovered, Ilya Petrovich gave his daughter to Alexander and the son of Hippolytus to closed educational institutions, and with four -year -old Gemini he moved to his brother Peter Petrovich from Alapaevsk to St.

Petersburg. In the interval of the once richest entrepreneur, he lost all his fortune because of the dubious scam and was forced to look for work again. For an outstanding past, he received a place of the director of the technological institute from the state and moved with his children to a large state -owned apartment. Who did Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky work?

In M, Peter practically recovered after the death of his mother. Having got out of the Imperial School, he got a job at the I department of the Department of the Ministry of Justice thanks to the excellent certificate and his father’s connections. In the service, the musician mainly engaged in the affairs of the peasants. Tchaikovsky spent his free time in the company of friends or with his sister Alexandra.

After two years of hard work, the composer first went on a trip abroad, where he accompanied engineer V. Pisarev on a business trip to Europe as a translator. The young man in free form owned Italian and French. The trip prompted the young Tchaikovsky to seriously think about the change of work. Moreover, in the same M he paid for his classes with the pianist-Dirier Anton Rubinstein under the Russian Musical Society of the RMO.

Then he left the service essentially, quit his job and became a student of the newly opened St. Petersburg Conservatory. Relatives, to put it mildly, were shocked.