General Tukhachevsky biography

Repressed in the year in the "military case", rehabilitated in the year. Born in the family of the impoverished Smolensk hereditary nobleman Nikolai Nikolaevich Tukhachevsky, mother - Mavra Petrovna, peasant. The origin of the surname Tukhachevsky is not reliably determined. Biographer M. Tukhachevsky B. Sokolov reports that the origin of the Tukhachevsky clan from the group of alleged descendants of Indris is shrouded in legends no less than the death of M.

The version of the Polish origin of Tukhachevsky has no documentary justifications. Children's years took place in the village of Baszhsky of the Chembarsky district of the Penza province of the Kamensky district and in Penza. B-studied at the 1st Penza gymnasium. He graduated from the 1st Moscow Cadet Corps in the Russian Imperial Army since the year: at the end of the Cadet Corps, he entered the Alexander Military School, which he graduated in the first three in performance.

At the end of his studies, he chose the service in the Life Guards of the Semenovsky regiment, and after passing the necessary procedures, the consent of the officers of the guard regiment, Lieutenant Tukhachevsky, was appointed junior officer in the 7th company of the 2nd battalion in July. In the beginning of the First World War, he took part in battles with the Austrians and Germans as part of the 1st Guards Division on the Western Front.

Member of the Lublin, Ivangorod, Lomzhin operations. He was wounded, for the heroism showed five times presented to the award by orders of various degrees of 5 orders for six months. He was in captivity. After four unsuccessful attempts to escape from the captivity, he was sent to the camp for incorrigible fugitives in Ingolstadt, where he met Charles de Gaulle. In September, he made the fifth escape on August 3, on September 18 he managed to go across the border to Switzerland.

The regiment was again enrolled in the Semenovsky regiment, and in January of the year he received a vacation as a fled from captivity. He joined the RCP B early in the spring of the year, appointed military commissar of the Moscow District of Defense. In June, he was appointed commander created by the 1st Army of the Eastern Front. In August, he commanded the 1st Soviet Army, which made an attempt to take the White Simbirsk and, in a fierce battle, on August 27-30, on the approaches to the city, was defeated from the units of the colonel of the General Staff General Staff Kappel, as a result of which the 1st Soviet Army was forced to retreat 80 miles west of Simbirsk.

In early September, he prepared and conducted the army for a successful operation to capture Simbirsk, in which he first showed military qualities. Military historians note “a deeply thought out plan of operation, a bold and quick concentration of the main forces of the army in a decisive direction, timely bringing tasks to troops, as well as decisive, skillful and initiative actions.” For the first time in the civil war, one regiment of the 5th Kursk Simbirsk division was transported to the area of ​​concentration on cars.

As in subsequent army and front -line operations, Tukhachevsky demonstrated “skillful use of decisive forms of maneuver during the operation, the courage and swiftness of actions, the right choice of direction of the main blow and the concentration of superior forces and means on it”. In December, Tukhachevsky was appointed assistant commander of the Southern Front was listed as the commander of the 1st Army until January 4, on April 5, Tukhachevsky was commanded by the 5th Army.

The chiefs of the army divisions were chapaev I sd and Aihe I am sd. For the victory over Kolchak, Tukhachevsky was awarded with honorary revolutionary weapons. The Commander -in -Chief S. Kamenev on March 20, reported to V. Lenin that it was planned to appoint M. Tukhachevsky as commander of the Western Front, “skillfully and decisively conducting the latest operations to defeat the armies of General Denikin,” and on March 26 the Revolutionary Military Council of the republic noted that “the Western Front is currently the most important front of the republic”.

The suppression of anti-Soviet uprisings in November of the year Tukhachevsky commands the troops of Zapfront in an operation to defeat the detachments of the People’s Army of General Bulak-Balakhovich, who had invaded the territory of Belarus from Poland. By March 18, the uprising is crushed. In the year of the RSFSR, it was covered by anti -Soviet uprisings, the largest of which in European Russia was a peasant uprising in the Tambov province.

Attishing the Tambov rebellion as a serious danger, the Politburo of the Central Committee in early May, according to the Tukhachevsky plan developed by the Tukhachev plan, was mainly crushed by the end of July. Since July 25, Frunze appoints him his deputy, and in November, in January, calculations, based on the experience of Germany and France in the First World War, contained, for example, the production of one hundred thousand tanks per year, in January.

Stalin did not approve the proposals of Tukhachevsky, preferring the mass building of tanks of the model of the year to modernize industry. He insisted on using dual-purpose techniques of ground-green artillery, armored tractors, on the mass replacement of all artillery with dynamo, reliable guns.Tukhachevsky constantly worked on an increase in the combat effectiveness of the Red Army, he personally carried out large maneuvers of the army and navy and, analyzing their results, offered practical measures to improve troops, demanded to teach troops what was required in the war.

He devoted a lot of time to military science. Tukhachevsky believed that, unlike the First World War, aviation and tanks cease to be an auxiliary means of conducting infantry artillery battle and saw "the opportunity to change the methods of fighting and operations by mass implementation of tanks ... the opportunity to create sudden conditions for the development of the operation through these innovations." He suggested “in a completely new way to approach the planning of the entire weapons system, organizations, tactics and troops.

The short -learning of these possibilities can cause even greater shocks and defeats in a future war. ” Tukhachevsky developed the theory of deep battle, the theory of continuous operations in one strategic direction, already in the city of Tukhachevsky - a supporter of the offensive strategy, he defended the unity of unity of charge, independence and initiative of the smallest units and criticized the “expectation of orders”, considered chemical weapons as a full -fledged means of waging war, apparently, on the experience of the First World War.

He critically evaluated the role of battleships in the future war and positively - the role of aircraft carriers. Tukhachevsky “back in November, G. Tukhachevsky carefully monitored the development of military thought in England, France, Germany, highly appreciated the development of Fuller, Liddel Gart and de Gaulle, noting that their ideas were not perceived by the official military doctrines of England and France.

Although, in his official position, Tukhachevsky took part in military cooperation between the USSR and Germany in the period from the city Tukhachevsky’s activities to reform the armed forces and his views on the preparation of the army for the future war were met by resistance and opposition in the People's Commissariat of Defense. In turn, a number of military leaders Tukhachevsky, Gamarnik, Ubievich, Yakir developed a sharply critical attitude to the activities of Voroshilov as the People’s Commissar of Defense.

Relations between the two groups were aggravated in May of G. according to one of the versions, the accusations against Tukhachevsky were based on a partially fabricated by Nazi special services and transmitted by Stalin through the President of Czechoslovakia, Benesh Red folder with evidence of Tukhachevsky’s conspiratorial contacts with the German General Staff. Recruitment conversations.

" Stalin took the side of Voroshilov, completely devoted to him, and already in August the first arrests of military leaders followed in the framework of the large cleaning of the armed forces: Komkores V. Primakov and V. were arrested during the preliminary investigation, Tukhachevsky found himself guilty of preparing a military conspiracy in the Red Army, whose purpose was the violent overthrow of power and the establishment of military dictatorship in the USSR.

Tukhachevsky also admitted that they, as well as other participants in the conspiracy by German intelligence, were transmitted information that constituted state secret, about the quantity and places of concentration of the Red Army in the border areas. By a decision of the court, the defendants were found guilty of committing crimes provided for in Articles "B" and the Criminal Code of the RSFSR at 23 hours 35 minutes the sentence was announced - all eight were sentenced to death.

Whether this happened before or after midnight, is not exactly known, so the date of death of Tukhachevsky can be indicated both on June 11 and 12. According to the memoirs of one of the shooting, Tukhachevsky allegedly managed to exclaim: “You are not shooting at us now, but to the Red Army! The rehabilitation of the year the main military prosecutor’s office and the State Security Committee under the Council of Ministers of the USSR checked the criminal case of Tukhachevsky and other convicts with it and established that the charges against them were falsified.

Marshal’s plot ” - Andrei Chubchenko“ Warsaw Battle. Tukhachevsky, literature: Tukhachevsky, M. Tukhachevsky, M. Memories of the Civil War. Aleksandrov, V. Anfilov, V. Ivanov, V. Marshal M. Pilsudsky against Tukhachevsky: two views on the Soviet-Polish war of the year.

Rakovsky, L. Sokolov, B. Todorsky, A. Shchetinov, Yu. Shchetinov, B. Gudov, A.